World Wide Wikipedia

In response to Ashley's Blog Post:

I like your focus on ‘guidelines.’ Wikipedia operates purely on a set of guidelines, or what Zittrain would call standards, rather than a set of rules. According to Zittrain this is a worthy approach to the world of Wikipedia because, “standards can work better than rules in unexpected contexts” (Zittrain 128). The issue of rules vs. guidelines has been experimented with in other contexts. Zittrain discusses an experiment done in the Dutch city of Drachten where the removal of traffic signs, parking meters, and parking spaces led to results that were, “counterintuitive: a dramatic improvement in vehicular safety” (Zittrain 127). This same system of trust in guidelines rather than defined rules with strict consequences is how Wikipedia operates leading Wikipedia editors to write and edit mindfully and to be considerate of content. 

Focusing on your first question, “Will Wikipedia ever produce a final article,” is a difficult question to answer. However, it seems unlikely to me, and if Wikipedia were to produce a final article, a similar online encyclopedia would likely appear. Zittrain says, “Wikipedia has charted a path from crazy idea to stunning worldwide success. There are versions of Wikipedia in every major language…” (Zittrain 136). This success on a global level proves the usefulness of Wikipedia and the fact that even though it is often viewed as an untrustworthy source, it does serve a purpose and the world does utilize its information. In response to your second question, “Should we expect more sites like Wikipedia in the future,” this is also likely especially if Wikipedia were to produce a final article. According to Zittrain, “If Wikipedia did not exist there would still be reason to cheer the generative possibilities of the Internet, its capacity to bring people together in meaningful conversations, commerce, or action” (Zittrain 148). The creation of Wikipedia, despite negative views about the validity of its open source content, is a unique creation that allows worldwide collaboration of information in a way that had never been seen before. In addition to Wikipedia, or after Wikipedia is no longer contributed to, Wikipedia has made the Internet a place where anyone can freely edit content and create a worldwide collaboration to benefit everyone. 

- Christina Morgan

Citizen Critics: To Trust or Not to Trust?

According to the Wikipedia:About page, “Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free-content encyclopedia project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation and based on an openly editable model” (1). A large collaboration written by anonymous volunteers who can edit and make changes to the articles at their leisure, this presents problems of validity and credibility when trying to define the constituents and constraints of the Wikipedia project as a whole. Corbett and Eberly state in “Becoming a Citizen Critic” that, “Citizen criticism requires some sense of faith in whatever public or community is being addressed” (Corbett, Eberly 122). This is certainly true for users and collaborators of Wikipedia who must trust in the anonymous system in order for the site to function successfully. 

In her article “Finding the Good Argument,” Jones presents several rules for making arguments in discourse. The two most important ones in relation to freely editable projects such as Wikipedia include The Burden-of-Proof Rule and The Validity Rule. Jones defines the Burden-of-Proof rule saying, “If you make an argument, you have to provide evidence to back it up” (Jones 173). According to Jones, the Validity rule states, “The reasoning in the argumentation must be logically valid or must be capable of being made valid by making explicit one or more unexpressed premises” (Jones 176). Sources used on Wikipedia must provide evidence for what is said in an article and must be used to create a valid argument in order to produce accurate and trustworthy information. 

Wikipedia has categories for articles that are incomplete or require additional information. These are categorized as “stubs” for incomplete articles and “articles to be expanded” for those that could benefit from additional editing and sources. On Wikipedia you can enter anything into the search bar and you will either be brought directly to a page or given a list of redirection pages that may link you to the information you were looking for. 

One of the main arguments that Jones makes in her article is that, “What is often missing from these discussions is research, consideration of multiple vantage points, and, quite often, basic logic” (Jones 158). 

After doing a random search for several terms and topics relating to the public sphere and public policy, several of them linked to direct pages but others provided several redirection links which included some very useful sources and some that were irrelevant to the information being sought. Terms such as public sphere, public policy, Jim Crow, and criminal justice brought up direct pages with information usually beginning by offering a definition and history of the terms and then branching out into subcategories of these issues as all of these (aside from Jim Crow) are broad terms that do not pertain to one issue. 

Other searches, however, brought up redirection pages. A search for “criminal justice” brings up a direct page, but when changed to “criminal justice racism” a redirection page including links for sexism, racism, and racism in the United States come up. When searching for “race response” a redirection page for Race and Ethnicity in the United States Consensus is the result. Another search for “race response to Katrina” brought up redirection to Hurricane Katrina Disaster Relief and Criticism of Government Response to Hurricane Katrina with Race as a Factor in Slow Response. All of these redirection pages were brought to attention from terms related to the public sphere and were useful links. Others came up which were not relevant but they are typically easy to weed out. 

As a collaborative website that could easily invite inaccurate or false information and plagiarism by its many contributors, Wikipedia has a “reliable sources” policy outlining that, “Articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we only publish the opinions of reliable authors.” Using a Wikipedia article titled “Reed Vole” from the “Did you know…” section of Wikipedia’s main page, the types of sources and how reliable they are can be examined. 

This article contained only three sources, all of which were from credited websites and one of which was from a book published by Princeton University Press. While all of these sources seem reliable and trustworthy, this does not mean that every fact in the article will be entirely correct. After randomly choosing five facts from this (short) article, four of the five matched up to the sources provided. The one fact that did not match up, I was unable to find in the sources. Another of the facts which reads, “The reed vole is native to eastern Asia,” was a correct fact but was an overgeneralization that could have included the more specific areas of Asia where this animal is found as well as failed to include that reed voles are also found in parts of Europe. 

In their article, Corbett and Eberly state, “Just because someone’s claim is supported by a so-called expert does not mean that it is beyond response or rebuttal. Be particularly aware of reasoners who use only ‘expert testimony’ to support their claims; such reasoning is often shallow and easily refuted” (Corbett, Eberly 127). Even though the sources in Wikipedia articles (and in “Reed Vole” in particular) are reputable sources, this doesn't mean that their validity should not be questioned or that every bit of information used by these sources in this article has been transferred over and used correctly. 

Four of the five facts were technically considered correct, so as a whole this article could be considered generally reliable information. However, while it is reliable, it could be made more reliable by including more information, more specifics, and more sources. When an article is lacking in these regards, it is up to the anonymous Wikipedia editors to correct them. Corbett and Eberly believe that, “In a democracy, rhetoric as the actualizer of potential depends on citizens who are able to imagine themselves as agents of action, rather than just spectators or consumers” (Corbett, Eberly 131). Those who anonymously edit for the Wikipedia world must take on this personhood as citizen critics and agents of action to edit and add information where articles are lacking to create more reliable and accurate articles. 

Corbett, Edward P.J., and Rosa A. Eberly. “Becoming a Citizen Critic: Where Rhetoric Meets the Road.” The Elements of Reading. 121-138. Web. 

Jones, Rebecca. “Finding the Good Argument OR Why Bother With Logic?” Writing Spaces: 

Readings on Writing. 156-179. Web.

Class Blog 10/14/14

(1)

In their discussion of citizen criticism, Corbett and Eberly state, “In a democracy, rhetoric as the actualizer of potential depends on citizens who are able to imagine themselves as agents of action, rather than just spectators or consumers” (Corbett, Eberly 131). The terms that Lazere introduces that most closely align with Corbett and Eberly include:

• “partisan viewpoint (that, is a viewpoint siding with a particular party or ideology)” (Lazere 125).
• “the fallacy of quotation out of context, pulling a few, extreme-sounding words out of their qualifying context” (Lazere 127). 
• “stack the deck by presenting only arguments in support of your own position, while ignoring or distorting arguments on the other side” (Lazere 130). 

These terms come into play in Bouie’s “Criminal Justice Racism” as this article is about “The futility of fighting criminal justice racism with statistics” (Bouie 1). After two studies of comparing “more-white” crime statistics with “more-black” crime statistics, the results were the same and “the conclusion was that ‘exposing people to extreme racial disparities in the prison population’ led to a greater fear of crime and - at best - an unwillingness to support reform” (3). 

This conclusion of the study discussed in Bouie’s article related to Lazere’s terms because those participating in the studies were intentionally set up to view either “more-white” statistics or “more-black” statistics, giving them a partisan viewpoint because these staggered statistics lead to racist conclusions. Quotation out of context is also relevant because by presenting statistics as “more-white” or “more-black” to lead participants to these racist conclusions puts the actual statistics out of context. Stacking the deck is applicable as well because the statistics were presented in a staggered fashion to see the effects of manipulating the statistics to lead to racist positions and a lack of participants seeking reform for these underprivileged and misrepresented communities. 

(3)

The way in which Corbett and Eberly break down the “Diversions of Reading” takes up and forwards Jones’s notions of citizen criticism. Two important concepts from Jones’s “Finding the Good Argument” include: “Argument as collaboration would be more closely linked to words such as dialogue and deliberation, cornerstone concepts in the history of American democracy” and “What is often missing from these discussions is research, consideration of multiple vantage points, and, quite often, basic logic” (Jones 157,158). While Jones points out what citizen criticism is typically missing in making its argument, Corbett and Eberly further break down and explain what these issues may be. 

Addressing these “Diversions of Reading,” Corbett and Eberly state, “One very common diversion of reasoning is generalizing without looking at enough cases to support a sweeping conclusion” (Corbett, Eberly 124). This is what Jones brings out as a major issue, that those participating in public discourse choose a stance and make conclusions without properly examining evidence and considering other viewpoints or options for resolutions. In reference to another diversion, Corbett and Eberly include that, “People are said to pander their audiences when they use emotional appeals as diversionary tactics or scare tactics” (Corbett, Eberly 127). This applies to Bouie’s “Criminal Justice Racism” as the staggered statistics presented to the participants in his studies are appealed to at an emotional level as a scare tactic by presenting “more-white” versus “more-black” statistics to show how citizens react and refuse to attempt to reform policy when racism is brought into the picture. Focusing on Corbett and Eberly’s opinion that, “In a democracy, rhetoric as the actualizer of potential depends on citizens who are able to imagine themselves as agents of action, rather than just spectators or consumers,” Jones’s article and Corbett/Eberly’s article could work together to show that if all of the information for a public policy issue is correctly presented and viewed from all possible viewpoints, while simultaneously eliminating the “Diversions of Reading,” real conclusions could be made to start furthering these issues and making the public accurately aware of how they can be involved for the greater good (Corbett, Eberly 131). 

Old and New: Public Policy Solutions Through Re-Mediation and Appeals to Time

Both Handa and Killingsworth address the use of rhetoric today. Handa’s book The Multimediated Rhetoric of the Internet focuses on a critical textual analysis of the successful use of rhetoric in today’s digital world. Killingsworth’s chapter “Appeals to Time” focuses on how rhetoric functions in the modern world and in reference to the past, present, and future to send the appropriate message to the audience. The use of rhetoric that both of these authors are discussing are relevant to current issues of public policy. Issues of public policy are always immediately addressed by news media and quickly bring attention and lots of followers attempting to enact immediate change in public policy to prevent future situations. However, these stories are often quickly forgotten as new stories pop up and steal the attention. This creates a re-mediation of news stories when similar issues come up over and over again because the issues are never properly addressed and solved. 

Why are these issues not solved when first brought to public attention? How does rhetoric prevent them from being solved and how could it help to solve issues of public policy in the future?

Killingsworth says, “A modern person thinks that the world, or at least the human understanding of it, is generally improving. Because of advancing technology, accumulating knowledge, and increasing information, North Americans and western Europeans are inclined to see our world as better than that of our ancestors” (Killingsworth 39). This view that the modern world is better is incorrect though because issues of public policy like racism and discrimination that our ancestors battled with are still very relevant issues today. Aware of the fact that issues of public policy are often not improved on, Killingsworth discusses how rhetoric today appeals to time in order to introduce change in their audiences. Discussing the use of appeals to time, Killingsworth says, “Time becomes a position of value that authors use to draw audiences to their own positions. Authors may appeal to the past, present, or future, but the focus tends to fall on the need for change, the pursuit of something new, in the present” (Killingsworth 39). 

Killingsworth also addresses the fact that news stories can not be pure re-mediation because audiences are interested in what is new and exciting, and therefore, appeals to time. In the chapter, Killingsworth says, “The implication is that what remains the same is not worth reporting. The result, according to at least one media critic, is that news stories build upon the four D’s: drama, disaster, debate, and dichotomy. New favors the volatile and dramatic but has trouble sustaining interest in topics over the long haul” (Killingsworth 39). This also brings up how audiences value time when Killingsworth says, “They assume that the audience thinks of time as money, values newness over oldness, and thinks of the present as the culmination of progressive forces working over the ages” (Killingsworth 40). If journalists and reporters using rhetoric to address public audience take on this view of time as something of value, then they can argue from a stasis of value to more effectively bring up issues of public policy and introduce solutions to enact solutions and actually change public policy so that issues won’t be re-mediated over and over again.

Handa introduces the idea of “re-mediation” in her text which she defines saying, “No medium today, and certainly no single media event, seems to do its cultural work in isolation from other media, any more than it works in isolation from other social and economic forces. What is new about new media comes from the particular ways in which they refashion older media and the ways in which older media refashion themselves to answer the challenges of new media” (Handa 86). Using this definition, the use of re-mediation uses appeals to time in news media to report current events while also bringing up and comparing these news stories to past events to address large issues of public policy. 

In her book, Handa also focuses on digital sources, which are largely used by the news media today and because these news stories are archived on online sources it make re-mediation even more successful. Handa quotes experts on the subject saying, “Emily Golson and Toni Glover, more recently, agree: ‘When we mix traditional composition pedagogies with pedagogies and knowledge from other disciplines, the effect can be disorienting, but if we push past the demarcation that separates the familiar and unfamiliar, we can harness powerful new energy made possible by mixing disciplinary knowledge and composition pedagogy” (Handa 154). 

If today’s journalists and reporters appeal to time through current events and report them using digital sources where they can also re-mediate past stories to bring attention to issues of public policy, a new approach to changing public policy could emerge. 

Handa, Carolyn. The Mediated Rhetoric of the Internet. New York: Taylor and Francis Group. Web. 

Killingsworth, Jimmie M. "Appeals to Time." 38-51. Web. 

Is There Adequate Proof for the Claim: "Society is Dumbing Down"?

Bauerlain’s article “Society is Dumbing Down” focuses on examining the literacy and reading habits of the Google Generation. Using a study from the British Library, Bauerlain compares people who grew up after the invention of the Internet (the Google Generation) to those who grew up prior to this time. Halfway through the article, Bauerlain brings in a second source which is optimistic of new reading forms that have been developed by the Google Generation but then jumps right back into negative trends that are lowering literacy in younger generations. The last paragraph of the article also includes today’s general population, reaching the conclusion that “power browsing” is dumbing down society.

The aim of Bauerlain’s article seems to be proving how the Google Generation’s invention of “power browsing” due to new digital technologies is causing the dumbing down of society. While the evidence that Bauerlain provides is enough to question whether “power browsing” is a negative reading development, he doesn’t provide enough evidence to ultimately conclude that it is dumbing down society as a whole and his one inclusion of optimism for new and creative forms of online reading halfway through the article complicates his argument.

In the article “Finding the Good Argument,” Jones says, “What is often missing from these discussions is research, consideration of multiple vantage points, and, quite often, basic logic” (Jones 158). This is largely what is missing from Bauerlain’s argument; Bauerlain introduces much criticism for the Google Generation’s reading habits, but also introduces a small bit of optimism for it. Providing more research and evidence for one of these stances, or even further discussing both of them to view the issue from multiple vantage points could further his argument and make it more effective.

This article had very few grammar and aesthetic errors. Half of the article is composed of direct quotes which do not require line editing, but their organization and how effective including them is can be questioned.

In Paragraphs 1 and 6, Bauerlain provides links to other articles as evidence for his argument. Both of these links are broken and the sentences including the links do not further his argument, especially when the reader cannot access the additional information. The second link especially, from The Chronicle’s Footnoted blog, is not relevant to the article as Bauerlain does not explain why it is included and right after mentioning it jumps back into evidence and quotes from a different article.

The most important issues in this article that need to edited for are a lack of clarification and the length of the article. Bauerlain could provide much more information and proof for how “power browsing” is detrimental to the Google Generation as well as back up his argument that there is also optimism for new and creative forms of online reading. This lack of clarification and further proof for the argument violates Jones’ Burden-of-Proof Rule. Jones says, “If you make an argument, you have to provide evidence to back it up” (Jones 173). Bauerlain fails to do so, hindering his overall argument and complicating for the reader how optimism for this apparently negative trend comes into play here.

This article functions as a public deliberation argument. In his article “I Agree, But…,” McDonald says, “They suggest that, for a rhetorical democracy to flourish, controversies should be welcomed, encouraged, stimulated, and even organized in order to implicate ordinary citizens in government decision making” (McDonald 200). Bauerlain does welcome controversy from his outsides sources by introducing negativity and optimism for “power browsing” but doesn’t provide enough sufficient evidence for either argument, hindering his article as a whole by confusing the article’s aim for the reader. McDonald also states, “The aim of public deliberation therefore need not be to consolidate different points of view but rather to learn, understand, and test a party’s beliefs about an issue by juxtaposing them with those of an opposing party. Thus deliberation has the potential to generate new ways of interpreting a controversy, even when the parties do not arrive at an agreement” (McDonald 200). If Bauerlain included further evidence for both sides of his argument, particularly the optimistic side, he could create a public deliberation piece, opening up the issue for the public to argue each side and introduce new ideas for whether “power browsing” is really as damaging as recent research is showing.

In addition to this article’s stance as a public deliberation argument, it also functions as a human interest issue. Bauerlain is using outside research to call into question whether the Google Generation’s usage of “power browsing” is becoming detrimental to literacy. Literacy is necessary in today’s society and fast changing digital world and if this is hindering younger generations from being literate then it is certainly an issue of human interest for current and future generations. In their article “Ecospeak: Rhetoric and Environmental Politics in America,” Killingsworth and Palmer state, “The emphasis on human interest carries the journalist out of the field of natural science and into the action-oriented fields of social movements and politics” (Killingsworth, Palmer 135). Bauerlain has carried his concerns for the Google Generation’s reading patterns into an issue of human interest, but his lack of proof for both sides of this argument does not raise the social or political movement that it is capable of. By providing more context and evidence for the detriments and benefits of “power browsing,” Bauerlain could take a stronger stance on one of these sides, most likely for the detriments as this is what most of the article focuses on, and take his argument to a further level by providing his own opinion or bringing in more outside sources to suggest a solution to how “power browsing” is negatively affecting literacy. In their article, Killingsworth and Palmer address two issues to the human interest approach, the second of which says that, “…science must solve human problems” (Killingsworth, Palmer 135). Bauerlain’s article is capable of taking a further stance, and while maybe not possible in a single article, this article could still raise possible solutions and discussions of solving the issues of lowered literacy in the Google Generation.

I found many strengths and weaknesses in my abilities as an editor for this assignment and specific article. My strengths lie in being able to recognize weaknesses in Bauerlain’s article where he complicates his argument (when he raises the question of optimism for “power browsing” in his mostly negative article) or fails to provide enough evidence to prove his argument. This strength directly led to my biggest weakness: the assignment guidelines simply said to edit the article’s current content and to reword but not to add additional information. I think Bauerlain’s article is currently too short to sufficiently prove his argument. After viewing the one working link in the article from Steven Johnson in Paragraph 6, there is sufficient evidence both to further prove the argument for how “power browsing” is detrimental to literacy as well as to bring in an entirely new argument (or even a separate article) for how “power browsing” is increasing the amount of literature that a reader can take in and methodically sort through in a quick manner to find the most useful information. If Bauerlain were to raise these further questions and possibly even suggest a solution for one or both sides, his article would be much more thorough in achieving what I understood his aim to be: the Google Generation’s invention of “power browsing” due to new digital technologies is causing the dumbing down of society.

Jones, Rebecca. “Finding the Good Argument OR Why Bother With Logic?” Writing Spaces: 

Readings on Writing. 156-179. Web.

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie, and Jacqueline S. Palmer. “Transformations of Scientific Discourse in the News Media.” In Ecospeak: Rhetoric and Environmental Politics in America. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois U P, 1992. 133-60. Print.

McDonald, James. "I Agree, But...Finding Alternatives to Controversial Projects Through PublicDeliberation."Rhetoric and Public Deliberation. 199-217. Web.